Article

Does synthetic replication offer an advantage?

Any debate over whether physical or synthetic replication is the best way to track an index has been all but laid to rest, with both methods now appreciated for their potential benefits. We have long argued that each should be judged on a case-by-case basis or, to be more precise, each index should be considered individually to see whether there’s an advantage to be exploited. Here, we highlight five instances in which synthetic replication offers a distinct structural advantage.  

  • US equity indices
  • UK equity indices
  • European equity indices
  • Global equity indices
  • China A-shares indices

The two replication methods

Physical replication is the most straightforward method and involves buying in proportion all constituents in the index and rebalancing those holdings whenever the index does. Other than the costs involved, including those related to trading and rebalancing of the securities, the ETF’s performance may deviate from that of the index depending on, for instance, how the ETF handles dividends and any revenue received from securities lending. For indices with some less-liquid securities, an ETF may hold only a representative portion of the index. Using sampling techniques generally has lower costs than full physical replication but at the expense of higher tracking error versus the index. 

In contrast, an ETF may be able to deliver the index performance more uniformly by using swaps. Synthetic replication involves the use of these derivative contracts, which are agreements between the ETF and a counterparty, or multiple counterparties, for the exchange (swapping) of cashflows. The ETF would typically receive the precise index performance, minus a fee for the swap contract.

Synthetic replication for US equity indices

Among the largest and longest-running synthetic ETFs are those tracking major US equity benchmarks such as the S&P 500 and MSCI USA indices. While a physically replicated ETF, domiciled in one of the European jurisdictions that has a tax treaty with the US, is subject to reduced withholding taxes on the dividends it receives, a synthetic ETF can receive the gross return of the index, I.E., with 0% dividend withholding tax. As a result, a synthetic ETF domiciled in Ireland can benefit from an additional 15% of dividend values, compared to a physically replicated ETF also domiciled in Ireland. 

Figure 1: Relative performance differential of synthetic and physical S&P 500 ETFs

Source: Bloomberg, 12 months to end-Oct 2022, in USD, average of largest synthetic and physical S&P 500 ETFs in Europe. For illustrative purposes only.

The basis for this structural advantage is embedded within US legislation. Section 871(m) of the US HIRE Act explicitly excludes swaps written on indices with deep and liquid futures markets from the requirement to pay dividend withholding taxes. This enables a US bank writing the swap to return the equivalent of the gross return of the index to an ETF domiciled outside the US.  

ETFs tracking UK and European equity indices

Synthetic replication also has an advantage in the UK and some European equity markets. An ETF that physically purchases UK-listed securities, for example, is required to pay Stamp Duty and, similarly, an ETF pays Financial Transaction Tax (FTT) when purchasing shares of companies listed in Italy and France. Those additional costs are reflected in the price of creating shares in the ETF.   

An ETF that synthetically replicates a UK or European index, however, does not pay Stamp Duty or FTT because it is not purchasing the underlying shares of the index. If the swap counterparty (usually a bank) buys the constituents of the index to hedge the derivative contract it writes with the ETF, the bank would generally be exempt from those same taxes. This results in an up-front cost savings to the end-investor, compared to an investor in a similarly priced physical ETF on the same index.

Synthetic replication for world equities

An ETF that uses synthetic replication to track a global benchmark might be able to benefit from a combination of each of these tax treatments. A swaps-based ETF on the MSCI World index, for instance, should not be liable for dividend withholding tax on the US components, nor should it pay Stamp Duty or FTT on its UK and Italian and French constituents. Using swap contracts may also be a more cost-effective way to track such a large index compared to having to buy and sell all the constituents through a physical replication method.      

Figure 2: Relative performance differential of synthetic and physical MSCI World ETFs

Source: Bloomberg, 12 months to end-Oct 2022, in USD, average of largest synthetic and physical MSCI World ETFs in Europe. For illustrative purposes only.

Data: Invesco and Bloomberg, showing the averages of the largest synthetic and largest physical MSCI World ETFs in Europe based on AUM, to 31 October 2022. For illustrative purposes only. Past performance is not an indication of future returns. 

China: one more beneficial use case for synthetic

The China A-Shares market is another case where synthetic replication can provide an advantage but, rather than coming from any tax treatment, it is due to the unusual dynamics of the market itself. The China A-Shares market tends to be a profitable environment for market-neutral strategies. However, securities lending and other hedging mechanisms traditionally used by these hedge funds are not available to them in China, so they often turn to banks to offset the risk. Banks provide these facilities (for a generous fee) and are willing to pay an ETF to take the market exposure through a swap agreement.

While in a typical market, an ETF would be expected to pay a swap fee to the counterparty, these unusual market dynamics in China may result in a negative fee, i.e., the ETF receiving the swap fee from the counterparty. When the swap fee is negative, the ETF can deliver outperformance of the index return. The amount of the swap fee – and the potential outperformance – varies over time.

What about the risks?

Synthetic replication is not without risk, but measures can be put in place to reduce it. Aside from the common risks associated with any investment, the use of swaps introduces counterparty risk, i.e., that the swap counterparty is unable to fulfil its side of the contract. At Invesco, we seek to reduce this risk through:

Holding a basket of quality equities: In addition to the swap, Invesco’s synthetic ETFs each hold a basket of equities that are different from those in the index being tracked. The basket is owned by the ETF (not used as collateral) and is expected to provide a return for the ETF. One objective of using swaps is to deliver a lower tracking error than would be possible with the basket alone.  

The use of multiple counterparties: Our synthetic ETFs can have up to six counterparties, which reduces the potential financial impact on the ETF if any one counterparty defaults. We only select counterparties with high credit ratings, regularly monitor these and stress-test potential risk scenarios.

Resetting the swaps: The value of the swap, known as the mark-to-market, is reset to zero whenever certain conditions are met, such as when there is a creation/redemption in the fund, or the mark-to-market value exceeds a strictly defined level. These frequent resets are intended to limit the amount of counterparty risk.

 

 

Investment risks

  • The value of investments and any income will fluctuate (this may partly be the result of exchange rate fluctuations) and investors may not get back the full amount invested. For complete information on risks, refer to the legal documents.

    A synthetic ETF’s ability to track a benchmark’s performance is reliant on the counterparties to continuously deliver the performance of the benchmark in line with the swap agreements and would also be affected by any spread between the pricing of the swaps and the pricing of the benchmark. The insolvency of any institutions providing services such as safekeeping of assets or acting as counterparty to derivatives or other instruments, may expose a synthetic ETF to financial loss.

Important information

  • By accepting this material, you consent to communicate with us in English, unless you inform us otherwise. This document is marketing material and is not intended as a recommendation to invest in any particular asset class, security or strategy. Data as at 31 October 2022 unless otherwise stated. Regulatory requirements that require impartiality of investment/investment strategy recommendations are therefore not applicable nor are any prohibitions to trade before publication. The information provided is for illustrative purposes only, it should not be relied upon as recommendations to buy or sell securities.

     

    UCITS ETF’s units / shares purchased on the secondary market cannot usually be sold directly back to UCITS ETF. Investors must buy and sell units / shares on a secondary market with the assistance of an intermediary (e.g. a stockbroker) and may incur fees for doing so. In addition, investors may pay more than the current net asset value when buying units / shares and may receive less than the current net asset value when selling them.

    Any calculations and charts set out herein are indicative only, make certain assumptions and no guarantee is given that future performance or results will reflect the information herein. For details on fees and other charges, please consult the prospectus, the KID/KIID and the supplement of each product.

     

    Where individuals or the business have expressed opinions, they are based on current market conditions, they may differ from those of other investment professionals, they are subject to change without notice and are not to be construed as investment advice. Issued by Invesco Investment Management Limited, Ground Floor, 2 Cumberland Place, Fenian Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.